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　　为何腰果不带壳销售?

　　why cashews aren’t sold in the shell

　　为何腰果不带壳销售

　　part of the fun of eating almonds or pecans is cracking the shell and getting the nut. but, some nuts, like cashews, are almost always sold shelled and roasted. why aren’t cashews sold in the shell?

　　吃杏仁和胡桃的部分乐趣来源于敲碎外壳后得到果仁。然而，有些坚果，比如腰果，通常会去壳烤熟销售。为什么腰果会不带壳销售呢?

　　cashews are in the same family as poison ivy and poison sumac. like the others in this family, the cashew plant contains powerful chemical irritants, so handling and eating raw cashews will cause the familiar itchy skin reaction in people sensitive to the chemicals. people who are sensitive to one plant in the family, for example poison ivy, are likely to be sensitive to others.

　　腰果和毒葛与毒漆树同属一科。与同科其它植物相似，腰果树含有强烈刺激性化学物质，所以处理和吃掉生腰果，会使那些对化学物质敏感的人皮肤产生瘙痒反应。对某一科某种植物过敏的人，比如对毒葛过敏，很有可能会对同科的其它植物也过敏。

　　why don’t we get a reaction when we eat cashew nuts, then? the irritants are found in the shell oil, but not in the nuts themselves. handling the shell or eating a nut with shell oil on it can cause the reaction.

　　那当我们吃腰果时为什么没有反应呢?那是因为刺激物质存在于外壳油脂中，而果仁中却不含有。所以处理外壳或者吃带有外壳油脂的腰果时，就会引起(瘙痒)反应。

　　this is why they’re sold shelled, but why are they roasted? roasting at high temperature destroys the shell oil, so commercially sold nuts will not trigger a reaction. but, cashew nuts that are still in the shell or that are shelled and roasted at home at lower temperatures may be contaminated with the oil, so, shelling raw cashews is about as much fun as handling poison ivy.

　　这就是为什么腰果不带壳售卖的原因，但是又为什么要烤熟呢?因为高温烘烤可以破坏果壳油脂，所以商业销售的腰果仁不会造成反应。带壳的或者在家中去壳并低温烘烤后的腰果可能仍会受到果壳油脂的污染，所以给生腰果去壳和处理毒葛一样有趣。

　　果蝇喜欢酒精

　　fruit flies love alcohol!

　　果蝇喜欢酒精!

　　when human females are pregnant, they’re advised to stay away from alcohol, for fear of harming the fetus. and most parents refrain from giving their infants bottles full of whiskey or beer, for obvious reasons.

　　当人类女性怀孕时，人们就会建议她们戒酒，以免伤害胎儿。大多数父母都不会给婴儿接触满瓶的威士忌或者啤酒，原因是显而易见的。

　　but if you’re a fruit fly, literally dousing your offspring in alcohol is apparently one of the best ways to protect them from danger, particularly from certain types of wasps.

　　但如果你是一只果蝇，毫不夸张的说，你把后代浸没在酒精中是保护它们远离危险的最好办法之一，特别是这样能避免黄蜂的伤害。

　　how and why?

　　如何以及为什么要这样做?

　　let’s back up a bit. first, certain types of wasps prey on fruit flies by injecting eggs inside fruit fly larvae. unless an infected larva kills the wasp egg, it hatches and the wasp larva eats its way out from inside the fruit fly larva, killing it.

　　让我们来回顾一下。首先，特定类型的黄蜂会将卵注入果蝇幼虫中，以捕食果蝇。除非受感染的果蝇幼虫杀死黄蜂卵，否则当黄蜂卵孵化出来后，黄蜂幼虫将会由内而外吞噬果蝇幼虫，将其杀死。

　　one way for fruit fly moms to protect against this gruesome fate is to lay their eggs in an alcohol soaked environment, such as fermenting fruit, when they see that parasitic wasps are around. although alcohol is toxic to fruit flies, it’s even more toxic to wasps, which, unlike fruit flies, have not evolved a high level of alcohol tolerance. so if the larvae eat enough alcohol rich food, it can kill the wasp egg and keep it from hatching.

　　果蝇妈妈为防止幼虫遭受厄运的其中一种办法是，当看到寄生蜂的出现时，将卵产在酒精浸泡的环境之中，例如发酵的水果里。尽管酒精对果蝇有毒，但酒精对黄蜂的毒性更大。与果蝇不同，黄蜂还没有进化成对高浓度酒精的耐受性。所以如果果蝇幼虫吃了足够富含酒精的食物后，它就可以杀死黄蜂卵并使之不能孵化。

　　protecting young

　　保护果蝇幼虫

　　apparently, fruit flies are not the only fly species to use alcohol to protect their young. in fact, it seems that most flies that eat rotting fruit use the alcohol defense against wasps. so fruit flies are not unique in this regard, but they’re still mighty impressive.